Preservation Processes
There are a number of types of treatment techniques utilised in wood preservation:
Pressure Impregnation - uses vacuum and pressure to obtain chemical penetration of permeable timbers, while controlling the amount of preservative retained. The timber must be free of stain and have a moisture content of less than 25%. Many treatment schedules are used, the pressure fluctuations and timing being distinctive in each.
The Bethell process is the most important of the treatment processes and achieves about 90% of the theoretical maximum uptake in radiata pine. The Lowry treatment is designed to achieve maximum penetration with a low retention of preservative. Retention is around the 60% of theoretical maximum. The Rueping process is used principally with preservative suspended in hot oil such as creosote and PCP where a low net retention is desired for some hazard categories. Net retention here is as low as 40-50%. The Alternating Pressure method utilises repeat applications of pressure and vacuum to force preservative into green wood.
Vapour Phase - utilises the fact that some Boron esters boil at low temperatures. The liberated gas can be drawn into timber where it reacts with water and condenses. For this reason, timber must be very dry (<5-6% moisture content) or only low penetration is achieved. Treatment of framing timber in the drying kiln is possible and can offer considerable cost savings.
Vacuum treatments - utilise volatile organic solvents to transport the preservative into the wood. It is designed to treat dry profiled or machined wood. TBTO is typically used, being introduced to the timber by either a double vacuum or low pressure cycle. The advantage of this technique is that there is no dimensional swelling as associated aqueous treatments and the wood can be painted within a couple of days of treatment.
Diffusion - is used to introduce boron salts to green timber. The timber is sprayed or dipped in the preservative solution and block stacked (without fillets). The wood is then tightly wrapped and left for a number of weeks during which the boron salts diffuse into the wood. Thicker timber may require a second dip to top up the salt levels. For this technique to be successful the timber must have a moisture content of over 50%. If even just the timber surface dries out, the process may not work at all, or be uneconomically slow. Another method using the diffusion process is called double diffusion. This works in the same manner except two successive chemical treatments are used. The second chemical treatment (Na
2Cr
2O7/Na
2CrO
4 and Na
2HasO
4) precipitates with the first (CuSO
4) to form a non-leachable preservative.
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