forty-five nations imposed travel restrictions on China before the United States did. The earliest of those restrictions went into effect Jan. 24, nine days before the U.S. travel ban went into effect on Feb. 2. The U.S. travel restriction came a month after China first announced its outbreak and at a point when the United States and
more than 20 other countries had already reported coronavirus cases. Several of those countries, including Germany and the United States, were already reporting local transmission of cases. Between the first official report of an outbreak in China and the announcement of U.S. travel restrictions,
more than 40,000 travelers from China were estimated to have entered the United States.
The measure that the Trump administration implemented could not be described as a “ban” that “closed the country”:
It only prohibited U.S. entry to foreign nationals who had visited China in the last 14 days. Americans and
U.S. permanent residents returning from Hubei Province were still allowed, subject to a 14-day quarantine. After these policies were enacted, hundreds of thousands of travelers continued to arrive in the United States via direct flights from China.
Until Feb. 27, no other travelers to the United States faced such travel restrictions and quarantine requirements — even if they were arriving from other nations that were reporting coronavirus cases.
Restricting flights from China did nothing to prevent the virus from arriving from other parts of the world. G
enetic analyses have shown that the large epidemic that unfolded in New York was linked to travelers from Europe. In the early days of the U.S. epidemic, testing was restricted to people with a travel history to China, which limited the ability to detect locally the cases and infections among travelers from other countries.
By the time Trump expanded travel restrictions to Iran on Feb. 28 and to European nations on March 12, it was largely too late.
By mid-March, the United States was approaching 2,000 confirmed cases and experiencing severe shortages in testing capacity that meant many infections likely went undiagnosed. The travel restriction did not initially apply to the United Kingdom, which already had hundreds of reported cases.
Before this pandemic, the World Health Organization had warned that travel bans contribute to “a false impression of control” — the misperception that a ban would stop the spread of disease. The reliance on travel bans over domestic readiness.
The combination of travel restrictions within China and international travel restrictions against
China may have delayed the spread of the coronavirus across the globe in the first 50 days of this pandemic. Those delays were useful to nations such as New Zealand, Australia and Taiwan that used the opportunity to expand testing, contact tracing and other aggressive domestic measures to control the spread of the virus. The United States did not do so. Before March 1, U.S. public health departments conducted fewer than 100 tests.
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