EH IS CANADIAN, EH?:
USAGE, FUNCTIONS AND THE IDENTITY CRISIS OF EH
By Kailin Wright
copyright 2006
We have all heard of the interjection “eh” as in “I am Canadian, eh?” but what does it really mean and is it uniquely Canadian? Linguists debate over whether eh is peculiar to Canada. The 1970s saw a handful of essays on eh as a Canadian interjection. More recently, linguists such as Gaelan De Wolf and Howard B. Woods surveyed the use of eh in Vancouver and Ottawa, respectively. In 2004, Elaine Gold published a survey on Canadian uses of and attitudes toward eh. Using these surveys, evidence found in dictionaries, and critical essays, I will build on the argument that eh is uniquely Canadian. Eh is a Canadianism because of the many different functions of eh in Canada and because of the frequency of use. While eh only has two main constructions in England (as a request for repetition and as a tag), there are ten popular functions of eh in Canada. Canadian literature uses eh more than any other national literature and certain types of eh are only found in Canadian texts and speech. The interjection is also internationally recognized as Canadian. I will review surveys of contemporary Canadian usage in order to analyze what eh means, who uses it, how people use it, and the general attitudes toward the different constructions of eh.
Historical Context
While the scholarly debate centers on whether eh is a Canadian expression, critics often gloss over the history of the interjection. The Modern English eh derives from Middle English interjections such as “ey,” “ei,” and “a” (“Eh,” OED). The modern spelling “eh,” could have developed independently from the Middle English variants, however, it was most likely adopted from the French “eh” (“Eh,” OED). The use of eh as a demand for repetition compares with Chaucer’s use of “I” in Troilus and Criseyde (1385): “For love of God, make of this thing an ende, / Or slee us both at ones er that ye wende . . . ‘I, what?’ quod she. ‘By God and by my trouthe, / I noot not what ye wilne that I saye” (III). By the 18th Century eh was in use as an interjectional interrogative particle and in 1771 Goldsmith writes, “Wasn’t it lucky, eh?” (“Eh,” OED 2). Eh as a request for repetition such as “Eh? What’s that, Sackville?” appears by the 19th Century (“Eh,” OED 3). This history reveals that eh has its roots in Middle English and did not originate in Canada.
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